Moringa oleifera Seed Addition Prior to Sludge Thickening for Supernatant Quality Improvement: Analyses of Clarification Performance and Toxicity

Low-cost and easily accessible sludge treatment technologies are necessary in low- middle-income countries. This study aimed to evaluate the use of Moringa oleifera seed powder (MO) as a natural conditioner for supernatant quality improvement prior thickening result gravity settling. The zone settling rate (ZSR) volume index (SVI) were used capacity. Supernatant clarification was evaluated terms capacity remove turbidity, apparent colour, Escherichia coli, organic matter associated with zeta potential evolution. effects on values pH electrical conductivity also evaluated. Finally, toxicity (chronic acute) effluent examined. A significant observed addition MO. ZSR (0.16 cm/min) SVI (53 mL/g) results showed that had good sedimentability, MO maintained these characteristics statistical manner. Increasing dosage increased supernatant, resulting an optimal 1.2 g/L, removal 90% 70% 99% E. 40% matter. did not change increasing dosage, which is competitive advantage compared iron aluminium salt addition. reduction ability at higher dosages coagulant due presence residual final effluent. g/L affect acute or chronic supernatant. These emphasized M. can improve potentially be low-cost wastewater thickening.